SQL Server Datatypes | Table Column Types

Data type	Description and capacity of Data Type
char(n)	To Store Fixed width character string (8,000 chars)
varchar(n)	To Store Variable width character string (8,000 chars)
varchar(size)	To Store Variable width characters (1,073,741,824 chars)
Text	To Store Variable width characters (2GB of text)
nchar	To Store Fixed width Unicode string (4000 chars)
nvarchar	To Store Variable width Unicode string (4000 chars)
nvarchar(size)	To Store Variable width Unicode string (536,870,912 chars)
ntext	To Store Variable width Unicode string (2GB of text)
bit	To Store Integer that can be 0, 1, or NULL
tinyint	To Store whole numbers from 0 to 255
smallint	To Store whole numbers between -32,768 and 32,767
int	To Store whole numbers between -2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647
bigint	To Store whole numbers between -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 and 9,223,372,036,854,775,807
decimal(total-digits, decimal-precision) Total Digits: 1 to 38	To Store Fixed precision numbers From -10^38 +1 to 10^38 –1.
numeric(total-digits, decimal-precision) Total Digits: 1 to 38	To Store fixed precision numbers. Allows numbers from -10^38 +1 to 10^38 –1.
float(n)	To Store Floating precision number data From -1.79E + 308 to 1.79E + 308. The default value of parameter n is 53 will hold 8 bytes data.
date	To Store a date From January 1, 0001 to December 31, 9999
time	To Store a time has accuracy of 100 nanoseconds
smalldatetime	To store date From January 1, 1900 to June 6, 2079
datetime	To store date From January 1, 1753 to December 31, 9999
timestamp	To store a unique number that gets updated every time a row gets created or modified. Timestamp can be used as a primary key in some occasions. But defining primary key explicitly is recommended.